Strategy of Ge/III-V program
Since 2005, the strategy of this program pursues a combination of Ge pMOS with III-V nMOS. In the Ge MOS devices research program further improvement of the short-channel pMOS could be demonstrated (see section Ge MOS devices). In the III-V MOS device research program a major improvement of the interpretation of CV curves to measure Fermi-level pinning was obtained (see section III-V MOS devices).
Both programs contribute to the strategy of the Ge/III-V program. Details of the research are published in C15160, C15093, P14717, P14862, C14866, C14867, P14868, P15479, C15528, P14363, C14829, C14915, P14931, C14657, C14876, P13605, C14544, P15415, P15334, C14420, C14715, P14798, C14813, P14362, P15112, P15159, C15161, C15162, P15338, P14513, C14881, P14617, P14619, P14621, P14926, C14923, C15118, C14510, P15110, P12954, C14566, C14567, P14359, P14360, P14361, C14628, P14726, P14800, C14872, C14913, C15689, C15416, P14719, P14795, P14930, PN36, PA7, PA69.
To allow the combination of Ge pMOS with III-V nMOS devices, the passivation of the gate stack will be a key element. For this purpose a molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) cluster tool was installed in the IMEC clean room facilities (see figure 1. This cluster tool combines a III-V MBE growth chamber (for growing GaAs and InGaAs layers on Ge), a cleaning chamber for preparation of the interfacial layers and a high-k molecular-beam deposition growth chamber (for growing interfacial layers, high-k dielectrics and in-situ metal gates). It can process 2”, 100mm and 200mm wafers. Acceptance tests of the tool were successfully finalized in 2007. This tool enables a perfect in-situ control of each interface of the channel and the gate stack materials.

Figure 1: The MBE cluster tool for growing in-situ III-V layers, interfacial layers, high-k dielectric layers and metal gates with perfect ambient control.
closeC15160Afanasiev, V.; Stesmans, A.; Delabie, A. and Houssa, M. Electronic structure of GeO2-passivated interfaces of (100)Ge with Al2O3 and HfO2. Abstract in: 38th IEEE Semiconductor Interface Specialists Conference - SISC. 2007. (6-8 December 2007; Arlington, VA, USA.)
closeC15093Bellenger, F.; Houssa, M.; Delabie, A.; Conard, T.; Caymax, M.; Meuris, M.; De Meyer, K. and Heyns, M. Electrical passivation of the (100)Ge surface by its thermal oxide. In: Physics and Technology of High-k Dielectrics. 2007. pp.451-459; (7-12 October 2007; Washington, DC, USA.) (ECS Trans.; Vol. 11, Issue 4)
closeP14717Brammertz, G.; Heyns, M.; Meuris, M.; Caymax, M.; Jiang, D.; Mols, Y.; Degroote, S.; Leys, M. and Borghs, G. Surface recombination velocity in GaAs and In0.15Ga0.85As thin films. Applied Physics Letters. Vol. 90: (13) 134102; 2007.
closeP14862Brammertz, G.; Martens, K.; Sioncke, S.; Delabie, A.; Caymax, M.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. Characteristic trapping lifetime and capacitance-voltage measurements of GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor structures. Applied Physics Letters. Vol. 91: (13) 133510; 2007.
closeC14866annex not loaded
closeC14867Brammertz, G.; Caymax, M.; Heyns, M.; Meuris, M.; Mols, Y.; Degroote, S. and Leys, M. GaAs on Ge for CMOS. In: Conference Abstracts Book 5th International Conference on Silicon Epitaxy and Heterostructures - ICSI-5. (20-25 May 2007; Marseille, France.)
closeP14868Brammertz, G.; Heyns, M.; Meuris, M.; Caymax, M. and Jiang, D. Comparing GaAs and In0.15Ga0.85As as channel material for alternative substrate CMOS. Microelectronic Engineering. Vol. 84: (9-10) 2154-2157; 2007. (Paper from INFOS 2007)
closeP15479Brunco, D.; Dimoulas, A.; Boukos, N.; Houssa, M.; Conard, T.; Martens, K.; Zhao, C.; Bellenger, F.; Caymax, M.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. Materials and electrical characterization of molecular beam deposited CeO2. Journal of Applied Physics. Vol. 102: (2) 024104; 2007.
closeC15528Brunco, D.; De Jaeger, B.; Eneman, G.; Satta, A.; Terzieva, V.; Souriau, L.; Leys, F.; Pourtois, G.; Houssa, M.; Opsomer, K.; Nicholas, G.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. Germanium: the past and possibly a future material for microelectronics. In: Physics and Technology of High-K Dielectrics. 2007. pp.479-483; (7-12 October 2007; Washington, DC, USA.) (ECS Trans.; vol. 11, issue 4)
closeP14363Claeys, C. and Simoen, E. Germanium-Based Technologies: From Materials to Devices. Elsevier; 2007.
closeC14829Claeys, C.; Simoen, E.; Satta, A.; Opsomer, K. and Meuris, M. Processing and defect control in advanced Ge technologies. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Electron Devices Semiconductor Technology - EDST. 2007. (3-4 June 2007; Beijing, China.)
closeC14915Claeys, C. and Simoen, E. Grown-in and process-induced defect control in advanced Ge technologies. Presented at: WINNACT-12 Colloquium. (6 June 2007; Kumming, China.)
closeP14931Claeys, C. and Simoen, E. Introduction. In: Germanium-Based Technologies: From Materials to Devices. Elsevier; 2007; pp.1-10;
closeC14657Clarysse, T.; Eyben, P.; Parmentier, B.; Van Daele, B.; Satta, A.; Vandervorst, W.; Lin, R.; Petersen, D. and Folmer Nielsen, P. Advanced carrier depth profiling on Si and Ge with M4PP. In: International Workshop on INSIGHT in Semiconductor Device Fabrication, Metrology and Modeling. 2007. (6-9 May 2007; Napa, CA, USA.)
closeC14876David, M.; Pailloux, F.; Drouet, M.; Beaufort, M.; Barbot, J.; Simoen, E. and Claeys, C. Comparison of defects created by plasma-based ion implantation and conventional implantation of hydrogen in germanium. Presented at: GADEST Conference: Gettering and Defect Engineering in Semiconductor Technology. (14-19 October 2007; Erice, Italy.) (To be publ. in Solid State Phenomena 2008)
closeP13605De Jaeger, B.; Kaczer, B.; Zimmerman, P.; Opsomer, K.; Winderickx, G.; Van Steenbergen, J.; Van Moorhem, E.; Terzieva, V.; Bonzom, R.; Leys, F.; Arena, C.; Bauer, M.; Werkhoven, C.; Caymax, M.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. Ge deep sub-micron HiK/MG pFET with superior drive compared to Si HiK/MG state-of-the-art reference. Semiconductor Science and Technology. Vol. 22: (1) S221-S226; 2007. (Abstract has also been published in the proceedings of the ISTDM'06)
closeC14544De Jaeger, B.; Nicholas, G.; Brunco, D.; Eneman, G.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. High performance high-k/metal gate Ge pMOSFETs with gate lengths down to 125 nm and halo implant. In: Proceedings of the 37th European Solid-State Device Research Conference - ESSDERC. 2007. pp.462-465; (11-13 September 2007; München, Germany.)
closeP15415Delabie, A.; Bellenger, F.; Houssa, M.; Conard, T.; Van Elshocht, S.; Caymax, M.; Heyns, M. and Meuris, M. Effective electrical passivation of Ge(100) for high-k gate dielectric layers using germanium oxide. Applied Physics Letters. Vol. 91: (8) 082904; 2007.
closeP15334Dimoulas, A.; Brunco, D.; Ferrari, S.; Seo, J.; Panayiotatos, Y.; Sotiropoulos, A.; Conard, T.; Caymax, M.; Spiga, S.; Fanciulli, M.; Dieker, C.; Evangelou, E.; Galata, S.; Houssa, M. and Heyns, M. Interface engineering for Ge metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. Thin Solid Films 515. Vol. 515: (16) 6337-6943; 2007.
closeC14420Eneman, G.; Delabie, A.; Van Elshocht, S.; De Jaeger, B.; Nicholas, G.; Martens, K.; Brunco, D.; Zimmerman, P.; Houssa, M.; Pourtois, G.; Kaczer, B.; Leys, F.; Winderickx, G.; Huyghebaert, C.; Terzieva, V.; Loo, R.; Caymax, M.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. Atomic layer deposition as an enabling technology for fabrication of germanium MOS transistor. Presented at: 7th International Conference Atomic Layer Deposition Conference - ALD. (25-27 June 2007; San Diego, CA, USA.)
closeC14715Eneman, G.; Sicart i Casain, O.; Simoen, E.; Brunco, D.; De Jaeger, B.; Satta, A.; Nicholas, G.; Claeys, C.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. Analysis of junction leakage in advanced germanium p+/n junctions. In: ESSDERC Proceedings. 2007. pp.454-457; (11-13 September 2007; München, Germany.)
closeP14798Guo, W.; Nicholas, G.; Kaczer, B.; Todi, R.; De Jaeger, B.; Claeys, C.; Mercha, A.; Simoen, E.; Cretu, B.; Routoure, J. and Carin, R. Low-frequency noise assessment of silicon passivated Ge pMOSFETs with TiN/TaN/HfO2 gate stack. IEEE Electron Device Letters. Vol. 28: (4) 288-291; 2007.
closeC14813Guo, W.; Cretu, B.; Routoure, J.; Carin, R.; Mercha, A.; Simoen, E. and Claeys, C. Low-frequency noise behavior at low temperature (80K-300K) of silicon passivated Ge pMOSFETs with high-K metal gate stack. In: Noise and Fluctuations: 19th International Conference. 2007. pp.29-32; (9-14 September 2007; Tokyo, Japan.) (AIP Conference Proceedings; Vol. 922)
closeP14362Houssa, M.; Satta, A.; Simoen, E.; De Jaeger, B.; Meuris, M.; Caymax, M. and Heyns, M. Electrical performance of Ge devices. In: Germanium-Based Technologies: From Materials to Devices. Elsevier; 2007; pp.233-265;
closeP15112Houssa, M.; Nelis, D.; Hellin, D.; Pourtois, G.; Conard, T.; Paredis, K.; Vanormelingen, K.; Vantomme, A.; Van Bael, M.; Mullens, J.; Caymax, M.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. H2S exposure of a (100)Ge surface: evidences for a (2×1) electrically passivated surface. Applied Physics Letters. Vol. 90: (22) 222105; 2007.
closeP15159Houssa, M.; Pourtois, G.; Kaczer, B.; De Jaeger, B.; Leys, F.; Nelis, D.; Paredis, K.; Vantomme, A.; Caymax, M.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. Experimental and theoretical study of Ge surface passivation. Microelectronics Engineering. Vol. 84: (9-10) 2267-2273; 2007. (INFOS 2007)
closeC15161Houssa, M.; Pourtois, G.; Bellenger, F.; Caymax, M.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. First-principles investigation of (100)Ge/Ge(Hf)O2 interfaces. In: Physics and Technology of High-k Dielectrics. 2007. pp.471-478; (7-12 October 2007; Washington, DC, USA.) (ECS Trans.; Vol. 11, issue 4)
closeC15162Houssa, M.; Brammertz, G.; Caymax, M.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. Ge and III-V passivation issues. Presented at: Infos Sattelite Workshop on Challenges in Ge and III-V MOS Technology. (20 June 2007; Glyfada, Greece.)
closeP15338Houssa, M.; Nelis, D.; Hellin, D.; Pourtois, G.; Conard, T.; Paredis, K.; Vanormelingen, K.; Vantomme, A.; Van Bael, M.; Mullens, J.; Caymax, M.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. H2S exposure of a (100)Ge surface: evidences for a (2×1) electrically passivated surface. Applied Physics Letters. Vol. 90: (22) 222105; 2007.
closeP14513Kaczer, B.; De Jaeger, B.; Nicholas, G.; Martens, K.; Degraeve, R.; Houssa, M.; Pourtois, G.; Leys, F.; Meuris, M. and Groeseneken, G. Electrical and reliability characterization of metal-gate/HfO2/Ge FET's with Si passivation. Microelectronic Engineering. Vol. 84: (9-10) 2067-2070; 2007. (presented at INFOS 2007)
closeC14881Lajaunie, L.; David, M.; Opsomer, K.; Simoen, E.; Claeys, C. and Barbot, J. Co-germanide Schottky contacts on Ge. Presented at: GADEST Conference: Gettering and Defect Engineering in Semiconductor Technology. (14-19 October 2007; Erice, Italy.) (to be publ. Solid State Phenomena 2008)
closeP14617Martens, K.; Rosmeulen, M.; Kaczer, B.; Groeseneken, G. and Maes, H. Electrical characterization of leaky charge-trapping high-k MOS devices using pulsed Q-V. IEEE Electron Device Letters. Vol. 2007: (5) 436-439; 2007.
closeP14619Martens, K.; Wang, W.; De Keersmaecker, K.; Borghs, G.; Groeseneken, G. and Maes, H. Impact of weak Fermi-level pinning on the correct interpretation of III-V MOS C-V and G-V characteristics. Microelectronic Engineering. Vol. 84: (9-10) 2146-2149; 2007. (Paper from INFOS 2007)
closeP14621Martens, K.; Wang, W.; Dimoulas, A.; Borghs, G.; Meuris, M.; Groeseneken, G. and Maes, H. Determining weak Fermi-level pinning in MOS devices by coductance and capacitance analysis and application to GaAs MOS devices. Solid-State Electronics. Vol. 51: (8) 1101-1108; 2007.
closeP14926Nicholas, G.; De Jaeger, B.; Brunco, D.; Zimmerman, P.; Eneman, G.; Martens, K.; Meuris, M. and Heyns, M. High-performance deep submicron Ge pMOSFETs with halo implants. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices. Vol. 54: (9) 2503-2511; 2007.
closeC14923Peaker, A.; Markevich, V.; Slotte, J.; Kuitunen, K.; Tuomisto, F.; Satta, A.; Simoen, E.; Capan, I.; Pivac, B. and Jacimovic, R. Vacancy clusters in germanium. Presented at: GADEST Conference: Gettering and Defect Engineering in Semiconductor Technology. (14-19 October 2007; Erice, Italy.) (to be publ. in Solid State Phenomena 2008)
closeC15118Pourghaderi, M.; Magnus, W.; Soree, B. and Compernolle, S. Study of the junction depth effect on ballistic current using the subband decomposition method. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Devices and Processes - SISPAD. 2007. (25-27 September 2007; Vienna, Austria.)
closeC14510Pourtois, G.; Houssa, M.; De Jaeger, B.; Leys, F.; Kaczer, B.; Martens, K.; Caymax, M.; Meuris, M.; Groeseneken, G. and Heyns, M. A step towards a better understanding of silicon passivated (100) Ge p-channel. In: Advanced Gate Stack , Source/Drain and Channel Engineering for Si-Based CMOS 3. 2007. pp.53-63; (6-10 May 2007; Chicago, IL, USA.) (ECS Trans.; Vol. 6, nr.1)
closeP15110Pourtois, G.; Houssa, M.; De Jaeger, B.; Kaczer, B.; Leys, F.; Meuris, M.; Caymax, M.; Groeseneken, G. and Heyns, M. Threshold voltage shifts in Si passivated (100)Ge p-channel field effect transistors: Insights from first-principles modeling. Applied Physics Letters. Vol. 91: (2) 023506; 2007.
closeP12954Satta, A.; D'Amore, A.; Simoen, E.; Anwand, W.; Skorupa, W.; Clarysse, T.; Van Daele, B. and Janssens, T. Formation of germanium shallow junction by flash annealing. Nuclear Instruments and Methods B. Vol. 257: (1-2) 157-160; 2007. (Paper from IBMM 2006)
closeC14566Satta, A.; Simoen, E.; Van Daele, B.; Clarysse, T.; Nicholas, G.; Vandervorst, W.; Anwand, W.; Skorupa, W.; Peaker, T. and Marchevic, V. Junction formation in Ge by ion implantation. In: Proceedings International Workshop on INSIGHT in Semiconductor Device Fabrication, Metrology, and Modeling - INSIGHT. 2007. pp.297-304; (6-9 May 2007; Napa, CA, USA.)
closeC14567Satta, A.; Van Daele, B.; Simoen, E. and Vandervorst, W. Occurrence of transient enhanced diffusion of B in Ge. Presented at: GADEST Conference: Gettering and Defect Engineering in Semiconductor Technology. (14-19 October 2007; Erice, Italy.)
closeP14359Simoen, E. and Claeys, C. Diffusion and solubility of dopants in germanium. In: Germanium-Based Technologies: From Materials to Devices. Elsevier; 2007; pp.67-97;
closeP14360Simoen, E. and Claeys, C. Metals in germanium. In: Germanium-Based Technologies: From Materials to Devices. Elsevier; 2007; pp.131-185;
closeP14361Simoen, E. and Claeys, C. Trends and outlook. In: Germanium-Based Technologies: From Materials to Devices. Elsevier; 2007; pp.417-432;
closeC14628O'Regan, T.; Fischetti, M.; Soree, B. and Magnus, W. Electron mobility calculations for Si, Ge and III-V inversion layers with HfO2. In: 12th International Workshop on Computational Electronics - IWCE12. 2007. (8-10 October 2007; Amherst, MA, USA.)
closeP14726Simoen, E.; Claeys, C.; Sioncke, S.; Van Steenbergen, J.; Meuris, M.; Forment, S.; Vanhellemont, J.; Clauws, P. and Theuwis, A. Lifetime and leakage current considerations in metal-doped germanium. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. Vol. 18: (7) 799-804; 2007.
closeP14800Simoen, E.; Opsomer, K.; Claeys, C.; Maex, K.; Detavernier, C.; Van Meirhaeghe, R. and Clauws, P. Point-defect generation in Ni-, Pd-, and Pt-germanide Schottky barriers on n-type germanium. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. Vol. 154: (10) H857-H861; 2007.
closeC14872Simoen, E.; Opsomer, K.; Claeys, C.; Maex, K.; Detavernier, C.; Van Meirhaeghe, R. and Clauws, P. Metal in-diffusion during Fe and Co-germanidation of germanium. Presented at: GADEST Conference: Gettering and Defect Engineering in Semiconductor Technology. (14-19 October 2007; Erice, Italy.) (To be publ. in Solid State Phenomena 2008)
closeC14913Sonde, S.; Simoen, E.; Claeys, C.; Satta, A.; De Jaeger, B.; Nicholas, G. and Meuris, M. Origin and suppression of junction leakage in germanium-on-silicon structures. In: Advanced Gate Stack, Source/Drain and Channel Engineering for Si-based CMOS 3: New Materials, Processes and Equipment. 2007. pp.31-39; (6-10 May 2007; Chicago, IL, USA.) (ECS Trans.; Vol. 6, issue 1)
closeC15689Souriau, L.; Terzieva, V.; Vandervorst, W.; Clemente, F.; Brijs, B.; Moussa, A.; Caymax, M.; Loo, R. and Meuris, M. High Ge content SGOI substrates obtained by the Ge condensation technique:a template for growth of strained epitaxial Ge. In: 5th International Conference on Silicon Epitaxy and Heterostructures - ICSI-5. 2007. (20-25 May 2007; Marseille, France.)
closeC15416Terzieva, V.; Souriau, L.; Caymax, M.; Brunco, D.; Moussa, A.; Van Elshocht, S.; Loo, R. and Meuris, M. Benefits and side effects of high temperature anneal used to reduce threading dislocation defects in epitaxial Ge layers on Si substrates. Presented at: 5th International Conference on Silicon Epitaxy and Heterostructures - ICSI-5. (20-24 May 2007; Marseille, France.)
closeP14719Todi, R.; Sonde, S.; Simoen, E. and Claeys, C. On the origin of the 1/f noise in shallow germanium p+-n junctions. Applied Physics Letters. Vol. 90: (4) 043501; 2007.
closeP14795Vanhellemont, J. and Simoen, E. Brother silicon, sister germanium. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. Vol. 154: (7) H572-H583; 2007.
closeP14930Vanhellemont, J.; Simoen, E.; Romandic, I. and Theuwis, A. Grown-in defects in germanium. In: Germanium-Based Technologies: From Materials to Devices. Elsevier; 2007; pp.41-66;
closePN36Teerlinck I.; Onsia B.; Method of removing the oxide from a Ge semiconductor substrate surface. [US 7238291 - 3/7/2007]
closePA7Meuris M.; Sioncke S.; A single step method to remove bulk metal contamination from III-V semiconductor substrates.
closePA69Meuris M.; Brunco D.; Method for forming a nickelgermanide and devices obtained thereof.